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《环境微生物学》（Environmental Microbiology）是环境类相关专业的核心基础课程，而微生物学在水处理领域的应用日趋广泛。本教材在总结以往教学经验，充分融合了微生物与水处理领域相关技术的发展，囊括目前本领域的新发现、新知识、新技术、新应用的基础上，编制而成。

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY - 1 -

Chapter 1 Introduction 7

1.1 Environmental Microbiology as a Discipline 7

1.2 Presence of Microbes in Our lives 9

1.2.1 Microbes in Our Body 9

1.2.2 Microbes in the Atmosphere 9

1.2.3 Microbes in Soil 10

1.2.4 Microbes in Water 10

1.2.5 Microbes of Plants 11

1.2.6 Microbes of Animal Origin 11

1.3 An Historical Perspective 12

1.4 Modern Environmental Microbiology 14

Chapter 2 Non-cellular Life: Viruses 18

2.1 General Characteristics and Classification of Viruses 18

2.1.1 Characteristics of viruses 18

2.1.2 Classification of viruses 18

2.2 Virus Morphology and Structure 19

2.2.1 Morphology and size of virus 20

2.2.2 Chemical composition and structure of virus 20

2.3 Virus Propagation 22

2.3.1 Reproduction process of virus 22

2.3.2 Lysogenicity of virus 23

2.4 Virus Cultivation 24

2.4.1 Culture characteristics of viruses 24

2.4.2 Culture medium for viruses 25

2.4.3 The cultivation of viruses 25

2.5 Resistance to Physical and Chemical Affects and Removal of Virus from Sewage Treatment Processes 27

2.5.1 Resistance of virus to physical factors 27

2.5.2 Resistance of virus to chemical factors 28

2.5.3 Viruses resistant to antibacterial substances 29

2.5.4 Virus survival in environment and its removal in sewage treatment process 29

Chapter 3 Prokaryotic Microorganisms 32

3.1 Bacteria 32

3.1.1 Morphology and size of bacteria 32

3.1.2 Cell structure of bacteria 40

3.1.3 Characteristics of bacterial culture 49

3.1.4 Physical and chemical properties of bacteria 52

3.2 Archaea 56

3.2.1 Characteristics of archaea 57

3.2.2 Classification of archaea 58

3.3 Actinomycetes 61

3.3.1 Morphology and size of actinomycete 62

3.3.2 Colony morphology of actinomycetes 64

3.3.3 Actinomycetes reproduction 64

3.4 Cyanobacteria 64

3.4.1 Chroococcophyceae 66

3.4.2 Hormogonophyceae 66

3.5 Spirochete 66

3.6 Rickettsia and Mycoplasma 67

3.6.1 Rickettsia 67

3.6.2 Mycoplasma 67

Chapter 4 Eukaryotic Microorganism 69

4.1 Protozoa 69

4.1.1 General characteristics of protozoa 69

4.1.2 Classification of protozoa 70

4.1.3 Cyst of protozoa 77

4.2 Miniature Metazoa 77

4.2.1 Rotifer 77

4.2.2 Nematode 79

4.2.3 Oligochaetes 79

4.2.4 Crustacean plankton 79

4.2.5 Bryozoan and Plumatella 80

4.3 Algae 81

4.3.1 General characteristics of algae 81

4.3.2 Classification and characteristics of algae 81

4.4 Fungus 87

4.4.1 Yeast 87

4.4.2 Mold 91

4.4.3 Agaricales 96

Chapter 5 Microbial metabolism 98

5.1 Overview of microbial metabolism 98

5.2 Microbial enzymes and enzymatic reactions 98

5.2.1 The composition of enzyme 99

5.2.2 Several important prothetic groups and coenzymes 99

5.2.3 Structure of zymoprotein 102

5.2.4 Active site of enzyme 103

5.2.5 Catalytic properties of enzyme 103

5.2.6 Factors affect the enzymatic reaction rate 105

5.2.7 Environmental applications of microbial enzymes 108

5.3 Microbial energy metabolism 109

5.3.1 Biological oxidation and energy generation of microorganisms 109

5.3.2 Biological oxidation types and energy-producing metabolism 110

5.3.3 Other metabolic pathways 112

5.4 Microbial anabolism 112

5.4.1 Anabolism of methanogens 112

5.4.2 Anabolism of chemoautotroph 113

5.4.3 Photosynthesis 113

5.4.4 Anabolism of heterotrophic microorganisms 115

References 115

Chapter 6 Microbial nutrition and growth 116

6.1 Microbial nutrition 116

6.1.1 Cellular compositions 116

6.1.2 Nutrients and trophic types of microorganisms 117

6.1.3 Ratio of carbon, nitrogen 122

6.1.4 Types of culture medium 122

6.1.5 The way nutrients enter microbial cells 123

6.2 Microbial growth 125

6.2.1 Microbial growth 126

6.2.2 Microbial cultivation 126

6.2.3 Growth in natural environment 132

6.2.4 Methods for determination of microbial growth 134

6.3 Effects of environmental factors on microbial growth 135

6.3.1 Temperature 135

6.3.2 pH 136

6.3.3 Redox potential 138

6.3.4 Dissolved oxygen 138

6.3.5 Solar radiation 141

6.3.6 Water activity and osmotic pressure 142

6.3.7 Surface tension 143

6.4 Relationship between microbial nutrition and biological wastewater treatment 143

6.4.1 Mechanism of microbial wastewater treatment 143

6.4.2 Microbial purifying functions 143

6.4.3 Biochemical oxygen demand and its application in biological wastewater treatment 144

6.4.4 Nutrient deficiency and biological wastewater treatment 144

6.4.5 Deficiency of trace elements and biological wastewater treatment 145

References 145

Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics and Mutation Objectives 148

7.1 Microbial Genetics 148

7.1.1 Confirmation of Genetic Material 148

7.1.2 The Composition and Structure of Nucleic Acid 149

7.1.3 DNA Replication 153

7.1.4 Denaturation of DNA 156

7.1.5 the Transmission of Genetic Information 157

7.2 Microbial Mutations 159

7.2.1 Mechanisms of mutation 159

7.2.2 Causes of Mutations 160

7.2.3 The main Mutation types of procaryote 160

7.3 Applications of Microbial Genetics in Environment Engineering 164

Chapter 8 Microbial ecology 169

8.1 Ecosystem 169

8.1.1 Ecosystem and biosphere 169

8.1.2 Ecological equilibrium 170

8.1.3 Classification of ecosystem 171

8.2 Soil microbial ecology 171

8.2.1 Ecological conditions in soil 171

8.2.2 Microorganisms in soil 172

8.2.3 Functions of microorganisms in soil 172

8.2.4 Soil contamination and the microbial ecology 173

8.3 Atmospheric microbial ecology 174

8.3.1 Ecological conditions in air 174

8.3.2 Species, amount and distribution of airborne microbes 174

8.3.3 Hygienic standard of air microorganism and biological cleaning technology 175

8.4 Aquatic microbial ecology 175

8.4.1 The aquatic environments 175

8.4.2 Sources of the aquatic microorganisms 175

8.4.3 Some aquatic microorganisms 176

8.4.4 Water pollution and the microbial ecology 177

8.4.5 Eutrophication 179

8.5 Relationships among microorganisms 180

8.5.1 Competition 180

8.5.2 Protocooperation 180

8.5.3 Symbiosis 180

8.5.4 Amensalism 181

8.5.5 Predation 181

8.5.6 Parasitism 181

8.6 Environmental self-purification and pollution control engineering 181

8.6.1 Soil self-purification and remediation 181

8.6.2 Self-purification of water body 184

References 186

Chapter 9 Biogeochemical Cycling 187

9.1 Water Cycle 188

9.2 Carbon Cycle 189

9.2.1 The biological carbon cycle 190

9.2.2 The geological carbon cycle 190

9.3 The nitrogen cycle 191

9.3.1 Nitrogen cycle mechanism 192

9.3.2 Nitrogen cycling in marine ecosystems 192

9.3.3 Human activity affects cycling of nitrogen 193

9.4 Sulfur cycle 193

9.4.1 Mechanism of sulfur cycle 193

9.5 Heavy Metal Cycle 194

Chapter 10 Microbiology principle to control water pollution 200

10.1 Microorganism and ecosystem in the wastewater biological treatment 200

10.1.1 Aerobic activated sludge process 200

10.1.2 Aerobic biofilm process 210

10.2 Activated Sludge Filamentous bulking 215

10.2.1 Causes of Filamentous bulking of Activated Sludge 216

10.2.2 Countermeasure for Controlling Filamentous bulking of Activated Sludge 222

10.3 Microbial Community of Activated Sludge and Biofilm in Anaerobic Environment 223

10.3.1 Anaerobic biological treatment 223

10.3.2 Anaerobic biological treatment theory and mechanism 224

Chapter 11 Microbiology Principles for advanced treatment of wastewater and pretreatment of micro-pollution water 231

11.1 Advanced treatment of wastewater—principles of nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal and microbiology 231

11.1.1 Purpose and significance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wastewater 231

11.1.2 Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in natural water bodies 232

11.1.3 Principle, microorganism and technology of nitrogen removal 232

11.1.4 Principle and technology of microbial phosphorus removal 247

11.2 Microbiology Principle for pretreatment of micro-polluted water 251

11.2.1 Purpose and significance 251

11.2.2 Microbial pretreatment and microbial community 252

11.3 Function of microorganisms and aquatic plants in constructed wetlands to purify (waste) water 253

11.3.1 Constructed wetland ecosystem 253

11.3.2 The basic principle of purification of waste water by constructed wetlands 254

11.4 Disinfection of drinking water and its microbial effects 256

11.4.1 The importance of water disinfection 256

11.4.2 Water disinfection method 257

Chapter 12 Microbial treatment of organic solid waste and waste gas and its microbial community 261

12.1 Principles of Microbial Treatment and Resource Utilization of Organic Waste 263

12.1.1 Aerobic composting 265

12.1.2 Anaerobic composting 269

12.1.3 Security Landfill 270

12.1.4 Anaerobic fermentation 272

12.2 Technology of organic solid waste and microbial community 272

12.2.1 Aerobic composting technology 272

12.2.2 Influence factor 273

12.2.3 Microbial community in aerobic composting 275

12.2.4 Anaerobic composting technology principle 277

12.2.5 Microbial community in anaerobic treatment 281

12.2.6 Microbial community in anaerobic fermentation 286

12.3 Microbial Effects in Resource Processes 288

12.3.1 Microbial effects of aerobic composting 288

Chapter 13 Application of New Microbiological Technologies in Environmental Engineering 293

13.1 Application of Immobilized Enzymes and Immobilized Microorganisms in Environmental Engineering 293

13.1.1 Formulation of enzyme preparations 293

13.1.2 Extraction of enzymes 294

13.1.3 Purification steps of enzymes 295

13.1.4 Immonilization methods of Enzymes and Microorganism 296

13.1.5Application prospects of immobilized enzymes and immobilized microorganisms in environmental engineering 297

13.2 Development and Application of Microbial Extracellular Polymers 299

13.2.1 Development and Application of Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifiers 300

13.2.2 Microbial self-flocculation and precipitation 300

13.2.3 Development and Application of Microbial Flocculants and Precipitators 301

13.2.4 Principles of Microbial Flocculants and Precipitators 302

13.3 Development and application of dominant strains and microbial preparations 302

13.3.1 Dominant strains 302

13.3.2 Selection steps of dominant strains and preparation of bacterial agents 303

13.3.3 Application of Microbial Agents 303

13.3.4 Usage of Microbial Agents 303

13.4 Energy Generated by Microorganisms 304

13.4.1 Energy Types Produced by Microorganisms 304

13.4.2 Microorganisms that produce hydrogen 304

13.4.3 Microbial hydrogen-producing fuel cells 306

李大鹏，男，44岁，苏州科技大学/省协同创新中心管委会办公室主任/教授，高等教育给排水科学与工程专业评估委员会委员，专业方向：农村生活污水处理，地表水修复/访问学者1年，为 留学生全英文授课4年。主持完成 自然科学基金3项，主持完成省部级项目3项，参与完成 自然科学基金重点项目1项和“十一五”水重大专项1项；目前主持 自然科学基金1项、“十三五”水重大专项子课题2项、省高校重大项目1项。参编《湖泊沉积物界面过程与效应》，2013年，科学出版社，独立撰写 0章，4万字。迄今，公开发表文章102篇，其中SCI6篇（1区1篇，2区3篇），EI15篇，CSCD收录31篇。

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